Suchergebnisse

The spontaneous nocturnal sleep of mentally retarded children is characterized mainly by a reduction of REM sleep % and of the ratio of oculomotor frequencies (R).
If we consider that REM sleep % and R respectively constitute pertinent indexes of brain plasticity and of organizational abilities, mental deficients may therefore be considered as doubly handicapped. Interventions on both REM sleep % and R can improve their mental efficiency.
BAHS has been proved to increase significantly the REM sleep % but has no effect on R. A highly organized pedagogy as operatory induction training can be able to palliate their organizational impairments.
This conjoined pharmacological and pedagogical intervention named neuropedagogy, has been proved to be efficient on various paramètres of mental efficiency.

La première partie de cette étude est une exposition simplifiée de la pharmacologie du cannabis, la substance illicite la plus consommée au Québec, au Canada et dans le monde. Le cannabis contient plus de 460 produits connus, dont plus de 60 cannabinoïdes. L'ingrédient psychoactif majeur de la marijuana et du haschich est le delta-9-tétrahydrocannabinol (THC).
Outre l'euphorie, le cannabis entraîne divers effets aigus et chroniques affectant principalement les systèmes nerveux central et périphérique, respiratoire, cardiovasculaire, endocrinien et immunitaire.
De nombreux rapports anecdotiques et quelques études cliniques sur un nombre peu élevé de patients suggèrent les applications thérapeutiques suivantes du cannabis : sensation de bien-être, anxiolyse, stimulation de l'appétit, effet antiémétique, analgésie, effet antispasmodique et myorelaxant, soulagement du syndrome de la Tourette, effet anticonvulsivant, diminution de la pression intraoculaire dans le glaucome et traitement du sevrage à certains psychotropes. Au Canada, depuis le 31 juillet 2001, le Règlement sur l'accès à la marijuana à des fins médicales permet à certains malades graves d'être admissibles à l'usage thérapeutique du cannabis. Parallèlement, Santé Canada a instauré depuis juin 1999 un programme de recherche sur l'emploi médicinal de la marijuana qui a débouché sur des essais cliniques en cours.
L'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) et divers comités d'experts nord-américains et européens concluent que le cannabis est moins dangereux pour la santé que beaucoup d'autres psychotropes. Nous comparerons la toxicité du cannabis, de l'héroïne, de la cocaïne, de l'alcool, de la nicotine (tabac) et de la caféine. Il n'y a pas d'évidence scientifique que le cannabis soit une drogue « gateway » incitant à l'usage de drogues plus dures comme l'héroïne ou la cocaïne. Contrairement à l'alcool et à plusieurs autres drogues, le cannabis ne conduit ni à la violence ni au crime. En fait, il tend à supprimer l'agressivité et à apaiser le récipiendaire.
La deuxième partie de cet article traite du débat sur la législation entourant le cannabis puisque le Canada envisage une nouvelle politique dans ce domaine. Nous avons sélectionné certaines conclusions d'une série de rapports officiels émanant d'autorités scientifiques du Canada, des États-Unis, de la France et de la Grande-Bretagne. Elles font le point sur les effets du cannabis sur la santé et leurs retombées sur le plan législatif. La synthèse des analyses de ces comités d'experts permettra au lecteur de comprendre le contexte national et international qui a entouré le récent dépôt à la Chambre des communes du Canada du projet de loi fédéral visant, entre autres, la décriminalisation de la possession de petites quantités de cannabis.
L'examen des principales conclusions de ces commissions d'experts nous conduit à constater que, jusqu'à récemment, les lois en matière de cannabis ont davantage été régies par des objectifs politiques que par des considérations scientifiques.

Background: Access to veterinary drugs for livestock has become a major issue over the last decade. Analysis has tended to focus on the demand for these products, while studies looking at the drivers behind their use generally focus on farmer behavior and interactions between veterinarians and farmers. However, the use of drugs also depends on structural factors that determine the functioning of the drug supply chain and farmers' access to the drugs. This article presents an overview of the factors that limit access to veterinary drugs in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) as well as the international policy tools and arrangements that claim to improve it. Methods: We have conducted a scoping review of the scientific and grey literature as well as the publicly-available data from both the animal health industry and international organizations. We aimed to gather information on the veterinary drugs market in SSA as well as on the international norms, recommendations, guidelines, and initiatives that impact SSA farmers' access to these drugs. Findings: We highlight numerous barriers to veterinary drug access in SSA. The SSA market is highly dependent on imports, yet the region attracts little attention from the international companies capable of exporting to it. It suffers from a high level of fragmentation and weak distribution infrastructures and services, and is driven by the multiplication of private non-professional actors playing a growing role in the veterinary drug supply chain. The distribution system is increasingly dualized, with on the one hand the public sector (supported by development organizations) supplying small scale farmers in rural areas, but with limited and irregular means; and on the other side a private sector largely unregulated which supplies commercial and industrial farming systems. Different innovations have been developed at the international and regional levels to try to reduce barriers, such as homogenizing national legislations, donations, and vaccine banks. Alongside decades-old inter-state cooperation, many new forms of public-private partnerships and other hybrid forums continue to emerge, signaling the private sector's increasing influence in global governance. Conclusions: Policies on animal health would be bolstered by a better understanding of the drivers behind and the components of access to veterinary drugs in different regional and national contexts. Inequalities in drug access need to be addressed and a market-driven approach adopted in order to strengthen our understanding of what determines veterinary drug use at the farm level. Policies should balance the interests of the various stakeholders, being careful not to reinforce bias toward certain diseases deemed "interesting" and neglect others that could prove to be highly important for veterinary public health.

In response to the global call to mitigate risks associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR), new regulations on the access and use of veterinary antibiotics are currently being developed by the Lao government. This study aims to explore how the implementation of these new regulations might effectively reduce and adapt the sale, distribution and use of veterinary antibiotics in Lao PDR. To this end, we used the theory of change, framing the AMR issue within the context of the stakeholders involved in the veterinary antibiotics supply chain. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to collect data, based on questionnaires (n=36 antibiotic suppliers, n=96 chicken farmers, n=96 pig farmers), and participatory tools such as a workshop (n=10 participants), semi-structured interviews (n=20), and focus group discussions (n=7 participants). The stakeholders' understanding of the AMR issue and potential challenges related to the implementation of new regulations regarding access and use of antibiotics, were also investigated. We mapped the veterinary antibiotic supply chain in Lao PDR, and analysed the roles and interactions of its stakeholders. Twenty-three stakeholders representing the private and the public sectors were identified. Many informal and formal links connected these stakeholder within this supply chain. The lack of veterinarian-farmer interaction and the evolving nature of the veterinary antibiotics supply chain accentuated the challenges of achieving behaviour change through regulations. Most of the antibiotics found on farms were categorized by the World Health Organisation's as critically important antibiotics used in human medicine. We argue that AMR risk mitigation strategy requires dialogue and engagement between private and public sectors stakeholders, involved in the importation, distribution, sale and use of veterinary antibiotics. This study further highlighted that AMR is a complex adaptive challenge requiring multi-sectoral approach. We believed that a sustainable approach to reduce and adapt veterinary antibiotics use should be prepared in collaboration with stakeholders from private and public sectors identified in this study, in addition to the new regulations. This collaboration should start with the co-construction of a common understanding of AMR issue and of the objectives of new regulations.

Abstract
The French philosopher Bernard Stiegler published Pharmacologie du Front national in 2013. It is above all a response to the 2012 French presidential election, which, despite the election of François Hollande, gave evidence of the rising influence of the far-right National Front, and thus of a growing regressive tendency in the politics of the Western representative democracies. But Stiegler's concern in this regard can be traced back to his first book and is present throughout his work, which has always been concerned with the positive technical (default of) origin of the conjunction of desire and knowledge, and the irreducibility of the tendency for these to be undermined by what he will call the negative pharmacological side of technics. In Pharmacologie du Front national, he draws attention to a third dimension of the pharmakon: its tendency to lead to the designation of the pharmakos, or the scapegoat, as that negative side takes hold. For Stiegler, the industrial populism characteristic of today's consumerist economico-technological model inevitably and dangerously leads to political populism. He thus calls for a new critique of ideology, one that returns to its starting point in Marx and Engels, overcomes the limitations of Marxist and Althusserian materialisms that ultimately remain grounded in an oppositional metaphysics, and provides new practical and conceptual weapons in the struggle against contemporary ideology, whose essential motto is that "there is no alternative."